Magellan Arrives

In August 2000, the primary mirror of the Baade telescope (also known as Magellan I) was hoisted into the aluminization chamber located in the Magellan Auxiliary Building, the filaments were fired for 28 seconds, and a not perfect but quite acceptable coat of aluminum was evaporated onto the surface. On September 15, 2000, the primary mirror thermal control system, which is essential to maintain the figure of the mirror, was turned on for the first time, and the Baade telescope saw first light. Present for this occasion were Matt Johns, Steve Shectman, Frank Perez, and a host of Las Campanas Observatory (LCO) and Magellan technical staff. Using the one and only working guide camera as an instrument, images as good as 0.52-arc-seconds (full-width half-maximum) were obtained. Given that the active optics system, which tunes the shape of the primary mirror, was not yet working, this was a remarkably good start.

Fig. 1. On December 9, 2000, the Baade and Clay telescopes, the Green-Pappalardo Science Support Facility, the John Stauffer Library, and the Horace Babcock Lodge were all dedicated in a ceremony at Las Campanas.(Courtesy Hernán Contreras.) Fig. 2. This image contains the spectra of two extremely metal-poor stars obtained by Andy McWilliam on the Baade telescope. The differences in the strengths of the CH molecular bands illustrates the great degree of chemical inhomogeneity in the early history of our galaxy. Fig. 3. The recent merger remnant NGC 7252 features many relatively young (400 million to 600 million years old) globular clusters in its halo. Spectroscopy of these clusters can help unravel the history of the merger events. (Image in visual light obtained in 0.8-arc-second seeing at the du Pont 2.5-meter telescope.) Fig. 4. An image of the cluster RX J1347-1145 taken with LDSS-2 on the Baade is shown here. Two prominent gravitational arcs of background galaxies surround the bright central galaxy at 10 o’clock and 4 o’clock. Fig. 5. This is a three-color infrared image of a lensed QSO, obtained by Mark Phillips on the Baade telescope. Four images of the QSO surround a pair of galaxies responsible for the lensing. Fig. 6. This is an image of the newly discovered distant galaxy cluster RCS0439-29. The image is composed of infrared green and blue images from the VLT and Baade telescopes. Recent work with Magellan has also spectroscopically confirmed the cluster redshift at z = 0.96, making it one of the most distant clusters known. Fig. 7. Images of the rapidly fading gamma-ray burst GRB 011121, observed on the du Pont and Baade telescopes, are shown here. Seeing in the Baade image is about 0.5-arc-second. Fig. 8. The Green-Pappalardo Science Support Facility will house laboratories, shops, technical staff, visiting and resident astronomers, and the John Stauffer Library. The Baade and Clay telescopes can be seen on the hill above.

Over the following few months the active optics system was brought into operation with much help from Paul Schechter of MIT. Finally, on December 4, 2000, the Baade telescope was used for the first time with a science instrument (one of the Las Campanas CCD cameras) that could deliver the full image quality of the telescope. That night, images as good as 0.34-arc-seconds were obtained. Little more was done in December except prepare for, and recover from, what was undoubtedly the best party ever held in the Atacama Desert: the Magellan dedication (Fig. 1).

More than 350 people from Chile, the U.S., and elsewhere turned out for this event, which featured songs by Chilean schoolchildren, string quartets, many speeches, and a wonderful feast, followed by viewing through the Baade telescope.

Routine operations began on February 14, 2001, with a run by astronomers from the University of Arizona. Since then, the Baade telescope has been used for science on about 70% of the available clear nights. The remaining time has been used for various engineering tasks. The telescope’s performance has been nothing less than spectacular. The brilliant image quality, which was apparent from the first observations, has continued. Although adequate statistics have not yet been obtained, it appears that the telescope is able to take advantage of whatever seeing the site provides. The best images to date have been better than 0.28-arc-seconds, and seeing of 0.5-arc-seconds is quite common. Equally remarkable has been the reliability of the entire system: only about 6% of time has been lost to technical problems, much less than one expects during the first months of operation.

Only one thing limits the productivity of the Baade telescope at this time—the lack of an adequate suite of instrumentation. The first facility instrument, the CCD imager MAGIC provided by MIT and Harvard, was delivered in the spring of 2001. However, the other first-generation facility instruments, the IMACS and MIKE spectrographs, and the PANIC infrared camera, are not expected until mid-2002. In the meantime, we are making do with a collection of begged and borrowed substitutes, including the LDSS-2 spectrograph from the William Herschel Telescope, and a motley collection of cameras and spectrographs scrounged from the du Pont and Swope telescopes.

With less than the best instruments, and with less than all of one telescope available, it has been too early to begin major observational programs. Most of the staff and fellows have used their first few Magellan nights to explore what the telescope can do, and to take the first preparatory steps toward the large-scale programs that will absorb most of Carnegie’s share of Magellan time. Nevertheless, even the snippets of science that have already been accomplished illustrate what the telescopes will be able to do, and what kinds of things Carnegie astronomers will do with them.

First Science

The Year Book 99/00 described the search by George Preston, Steve Shectman, Andy McWilliam, and Ian Thompson for extremely metal-poor stars in the halo of our galaxy. Such stars are survivors from the first stages of galaxy formation, and their chemical composition has much to tell about the mechanisms and history of chemical enrichment. Magellan spectroscopy of stars found in this survey has now begun. Figure 2 illustrates the spectra of two such stars, with very similar and very low metal abundances of about 1/1600 that of the Sun. The data were obtained with the B&C spectrograph on the Baade. The spectra of such very metal-poor stars usually only show hydrogen and calcium lines, as in the upper panel. By contrast, the star in the lower panel shows strong molecular bands due to CH, despite the similarity in hydrogen and calcium line strengths. This indicates that there is a huge variance in the carbon content of extremely metal-poor stars, and suggests that the early galactic halo was chemically quite inhomogeneous.

There is mounting evidence that many galaxies grew from smaller units, and that galactic mergers may have played a major role in determining the shapes and dynamics of—at least—elliptical galaxies. However, the details of this assembly process remain unclear, and there are several competing hypotheses for the formation of ellipticals. Fortunately, a few galactic mergers still occur in the local universe and offer valuable clues to such past assembly. The discovery that globular star clusters form in profusion during mergers of gas-rich galaxies has opened new avenues to studying the formation and evolution of both these clusters and their host galaxies.

François Schweizer and Patrick Seitzer (University of Michigan) have used the LDSS-2 spectrograph on the Baade to obtain multi-slit spectra of 35 candidate globular clusters in the recent merger remnant NGC 7252 (Fig. 3) and 68 clusters in the peculiar elliptical NGC 1316. These spectra will yield metallicities and more accurate ages for at least the brighter clusters in these key systems, which are about 500 million and 3 billion years old, respectively. Measurements of radial velocities of individual clusters will permit comparative studies of the kinematics of metal-poor and metal-rich globulars within the same galaxy. This should provide valuable clues about the origins of what are thought to be first- and second-generation cluster subpopulations.

The bending of light by the gravitational fields of massive galaxies or clusters of galaxies can produce distorted or multiple images of galaxies located behind the massive object. The amount and character of this lensing can provide the best measurement of the mass of the foreground galaxy or cluster; and this technique has become one of the most effective methods of mapping dark matter. Using the Baade telescope, Luis Ho and Swara Ravindranath have observed the particularly massive cluster of galaxies RX J1347-1145 containing multiple “arcs” of gravitationally distorted background galaxies (Fig. 4). They have confirmed a previously reported redshift for one arc and set significant limits on the redshift of others, a first step toward using these arcs to measure the mass distribution in this very interesting cluster.

When single galaxies lens background quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), the time of travel of the light that produces the multiple images can differ by months or years. If the QSO is variable, one can measure this difference in travel time along the different paths and thus determine the difference in distance. This gives one the scale of the system, and—together with the redshifts of the objects— provides the numbers needed to calculate the Hubble constant in a very different manner from that employed in conventional methods (for example, as described in Wendy Freedman’s essay in the Year Book 98/99). Mark Phillips has obtained infrared images in half-arc-second seeing on the Baade of one such system, which is being studied by Paul Schechter (MIT). The multicolor infrared image is shown in Fig. 5. Three bright and one faint image of the background QSO surround a pair of lower-redshift galaxies whose massive halos are producing the imaging.

Galaxy clusters are the most massive bound systems in the universe, and are a critical test environment both for theories of galaxy formation and for theories of structure formation and cosmology. A collaborative project (between Carnegie Fellow Mike Gladders and astronomers at the University of Toronto and the Universidad Católica) now under way at the Magellan telescopes aims to exploit this fact by studying a large sample of distant clusters selected from the recently completed Red-Sequence Cluster Survey. Imaging and spectroscopy of these systems will allow measurements of their mass and galaxy composition, and hence constrain the epoch and process by which these most massive systems assemble. An example image of one target in the study is shown in Fig. 6. This newly discovered cluster is one of a handful known at such great distances, and judging from recent work using Magellan, appears to be the most massive of these extremely distant objects.

Gamma-ray bursts are the most energetic objects in the universe. For a brief time, they outshine even the most luminous supernovae or QSOs and can be seen anywhere in the visible universe. They are thought to be due, like some supernovae, to the collapse of massive stars, but our understanding of them is very primitive. Because they are very short-lived, fading in hours or days, rapid follow-up observations with large telescopes, after they are first detected by gamma-ray survey satellites, are essential for unraveling their nature. Figure 7 shows observations at Las Campanas of a recent distant gamma-ray burst. In the first 48 hours after the burst, the optical afterglow could be detected with the du Pont 2.5-meter telescope. However, only a few days later the object had faded from reach of the du Pont, and six days after that it was at the limit of the Baade infrared camera. These observations of the rate of decay of the optical fireball, particularly at late times, are critical to our understanding of the jets of relativistic plasma thought to be responsible for the observed radiation.

Meanwhile, Elsewhere on the Mountain

While the Baade telescope begins doing science, the Clay telescope (Magellan II) approaches first light. The enclosure was completed, and the telescope mount erected within. The University of Arizona Mirror Lab finished the polishing of the primary mirror early in 2001, and shipment to Chile was scheduled for midyear. It is expected that the telescope optics will be installed in early 2002, with scientific operations beginning in the second half of the year. One might expect the second telescope’s commissioning to go even more smoothly than the first. However, the staff commissioning the Clay telescope is the same as the one that operates the Baade; the constraints imposed by a limited number of people will probably determine the schedule.

Down the hill from the Magellan telescopes, the Astronomer Support Building—now adorned with the name Cecil and Ida Green and Neil and Jane Pappalardo Science Support Facility—neared completion in June 2001 (Fig. 8). Soon, the Las Campanas technical staff will move from their windowless crypt in the du Pont dome to much more spacious and convenient quarters. In addition to electronics and instrument labs and a machine shop, the support building has offices for technical staff and resident and visiting astronomers, and houses the John Stauffer Library. Another dorm for astronomers was also completed and is already filled with new staff and users. One more is being planned.

—Augustus Oemler, Jr. Crawford H. Greenewalt Director

Observatories Personnel

Research Staff Members

Alan Dressler

Wendy Freedman

Luis Ho

Matt Johns, Associate Director of the Observatories

Patrick McCarthy

Andrew McWilliam

John Mulchaey

Augustus Oemler, Jr., Director

Eric Persson

George Preston, Director Emeritus

Michael Rauch

Allan Sandage, Emeritus Staff Member

François Schweizer

Leonard Searle, Director Emeritus

Stephen Shectman

Ian Thompson

Ray Weymann, Director Emeritus

Senior Research Associate

Barry Madore

Postdoctoral Fellows and Associates

Rebecca Bernstein, Research Fellow

Scott Chapman, Magellan Instrumentation Fellow

Hsiao-Wen Chen, Research Associate

Jennifer Johnson, Carnegie Fellow

Dan Kelson, Research Associate¹

Paul Martini, Starr Fellow²

Ron Marzke, Hubble Fellow³

Felipe Menanteau, Gemini Fellow²

Cristina Popescu, Research Associate⁴

Jason Prochaska, Starr Fellow

Swara Ravindranath, Research Associate

Scott Trager, Hubble Fellow

Ben Weiner, McClintock Fellow⁵

Lin Yan, Research Associate⁶

Las Campanas Research Staff

William Kunkel, Resident Scientist

Mark Phillips, Associate Director, Las Campanas Observatory

Miguel Roth, Director, Las Campanas Observatory

Las Campanas Fellow

Gaspar Galaz, Andes/Carnegie Fellow⁷

Support Scientists

Bruce Bigelow, Instrument Scientist

Greg Burley, Instrument Scientist

David Murphy, Instrument Scientist

Brian Sutin, Optical Scientist

Supporting Staff, Pasadena

Joseph Asa, Magellan Electronics Technician

Alan Bagish, Las Campanas Observatory Engineer

Christoph Birk, Data Acquisition Programmer

Tim Bond, Mechanical Engineer⁸

Douglas Burns, Business Manager

David Carr, Magellan Project Instrument Engineer

Jerson Castillo, Instrument Maker

Ken Clardy, Programmer

Richard Cleary, Lead Drafter¹⁰

Paul Collison, Computer Systems Manager

Jorge Estrada, Electronics Technician¹⁰

Darrell Gilliam, Electronics Technician

John Grula, Head Librarian, Information

Services/Publications Manager

Bronagh Glaser, Administrative Assistant

Karen Gross, Assistant to the Director

Tyson Hare, Mechanical Engineer

Earl Harris, Assistant, Buildings and Grounds

Steve Hedberg, Accountant¹¹

Charles Hull, Magellan Project Mechanical Engineer

Sharon Kelly, Buyer

Vincent Kowal, Machine Shop Foreperson/Instrument Maker

Aurora Mejia, Housekeeper¹²

Robert Mejia, Housekeeper¹²

Greg Ortiz, Assistant, Buildings and Grounds

Stephen Padilla, Photographer

Robert Pitts, Assistant, Buildings and Grounds¹³

Pilar Ramirez, Instrument Maker

Judy Rosenau, Magellan Project Administrative

Assistant/Assistant Business Manager

Scott Rubel, Assistant, Buildings and Grounds

Linda Schweizer, Assistant Director, External Affairs

Jeanette Stone, Purchasing Manager

Robert Storts, Instrument Maker

Richard Surnock, Instrument Maker

Estuardo Vasquez, Instrument Maker

Joe Vigil, Buyer¹⁴

Jennifer Wilson, Data Analyst

Steven K. Wilson, Facilities Manager

Supporting Staff, Las Campanas

Carolina Alcayaga, Purchasing Manager

Ricardo Alcayaga, Mechanic

Hernan Ángel, Driver/Purchaser

Yerko Aviles, Administrative Assistant

Hector Balbontín, Chef

Carlos Callejas, Mountain Superintendent

Pedro Carrizo, Plumber

Jilberto Carvajal Rojas, El Pino Guard

Emilio Cerda, Magellan Electronics Technician

Oscar Cerda, Janitor

Angel Cortés, Accountant

José Cortés, Janitor

Jorge Cuadra, Mechanic Assistant

Oscar Duhalde, Magellan Instrument Specialist

Julio Egaña, Painter

Juan Espoz, Mechanic

Juan Godoy, Chef

Jaime Gómez, Accounting Assistant

Danilo González, El Pino Guard

Javier Gutiérrez, Mechanical Technician Assistant

Luis Gutiérrez, Mechanic

Juan Jeraldo, Chef

Patricio Jones, Magellan Electronics Engineer¹⁵

Marc Leroy, Electronics Engineer

Leonel Lillo, Carpenter

Juan López, Magellan Project Construction Superintendent¹⁶

Gabriel Martin, Magellan Instrument Specialist

Miguel Méndez, Welder

Mario Mondaca, El Pino Guard (part-time)

César Muena, Night Assistant

Eric Muñoz, Accountant

Pascual Muñoz, Chef

Silvia Muñoz, Business Manager

Mauricio Navarrete, Magellan Instrument Specialist

Herman Olivares, Night Assistant

Fernando Peralta, Night Assistant

Frank Perez, Magellan Site Manager

Patricio Pinto, Electronics Technician

Roberto Ramos, Gardener

Demesio Riquelme, Janitor

Andres Rivera, Electronics Technician

Hugo Rivera, Magellan Telescope Operator

Carlos Rojas, Janitor

Honorio Rojas, Water Pump Operator

Skip Schaller, Magellan Software Engineer

Gabriel Tolmo, El Pino Guard

Héctor Torres, Magellan Janitor

Manuel Traslaviña, Heavy Equipment Operator

David Trigo, Mountain Superintendent¹⁷

Geraldo Valladares, Magellan Telescope Operator

José Soto Villagran, Magellan Software Engineer

Patricia Villar, Administrative Assistant

Visiting Investigators

José Arenas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile

Alex Athey, University of Michigan

Ramana Athreya, European Southern Observatory

Florian Baehner, Universidad Católica, Chile

Mike Balogh, Durham University, England

Sandro Barbosa, Universidad Católica, Chile

Felipe Barrientos, Universidad Católica, Chile

Silvie Beaulie, Cambridge University, England

Edward Boughan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Richard Bower, Durham University

Scott Burles, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Nelson Caldwell, Harvard University

Ray Carlberg, University of Toronto, Canada

Francisco Castander, Universidad de Chile

Frederic Courbin, Universidad Católica, Chile

Vandana Desai, University of Washington

Jim Elliot, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

August Evrard, University of Michigan

Emilio Falco, Smithsonian Institution

Peter Frinchaboy, University of Virginia

Lisa Germany, European Southern Observatory

Matias Gomez, Universidad Católica, Chile

Paul Groot, Harvard University

Pat Hall, Universidad Católica, Chile

George Hau, Universidad Católica, Chile

Michael Hilker, Universidad Católica, Chile

Chuck Keeton, University of Arizona

Florian Kerber, European Southern Observatory

Susan Kern, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Kevin Krisciunas, Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory

Christopher Laws, University of Washington

Steve Majewski, University of Virginia

Mario Mateo, University of Michigan

Jose Maza, Universidad de Chile

Richard McMahon, Cambridge University, England

Stefan Mochnacki, University of Toronto, Canada

Nicholas Morgan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ricardo Munoz, Universidad de Concepción, Chile

Dieter Nurenberger, Universidad de Chile

Roger New, University of Birmingham, England

Mark Ordway, Harvard University

David Osip, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Bryan Penphrase, Pomona College

Olga Pevunova, California Institute of Technology

Randy Phelps, Sacramento State University

Woytek Pych, Warsaw University, Poland

Ryan Quadri, Pomona College

Jason Lee Quinn, University of Notre Dame

Marina Rejkuba, European Southern Observatory

Jasehyon Rhee, University of Virginia

Douglas Richstone, University of Michigan

Vera Rubin, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism

David Rupke, University of Maryland

Wallace Sargent, California Institute of Technology

Paul Schechter, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Patrick Seitzer, University of Michigan

Robert Sharp, Cambridge University, England

John Silverman, Harvard University

Catherine Slesnick, University of Virginia

Andrew Szentgyorgy, Harvard University

Jacco Van Loon, Cambridge University, England

Michael Verdugo, Universidad Católica, Chile

Stuart Vogel, University of Maryland

Kaspar von Braun, University of Michigan

John Webster, Durham University, England

Ben Weiner, University of California, Santa Cruz

Kyle Westfall, University of Virginia

Howard Yee, Universidad Católica, Chile

Ann Zabludoff, University of Arizona

Dennis Zaritsky, University of Arizona

²From October 4, 2000

³To July 31, 2000

⁴From September 1, 2000

⁵To September 5, 2000

⁶To November 12, 2000

⁷To January 1, 2001

⁸To June 8, 2001

⁹From June 4, 2001

¹⁰From April 9, 2001

¹¹To June 6, 2001

¹²To August 31, 2000

¹³From August 1, 2001

¹⁴To May 9, 2001

¹⁵From October 23, 2000

¹⁶To October 4, 2000

¹⁷To January 14, 2001

Observatories Bibliography

Baron, E., D. Branch, P. H. Hauschildt, M. M. Phillips, et al., Preliminary spectral analysis of the type II supernova 1999EM, Astrophys. J. 545, 444, 2000.

Barth, A. J., L. C. Ho, A. V. Filippenko, H.-W. Rix, and W. L. W. Sargent, The broad-line and narrow-line regions of the LINER NGC 4579, Astrophys. J. 546, 205, 2001.

Boker, T., R. P. van der Marel, L. Mazzuca, H.-W. Rix, G. Rudnick, L. C. Ho, and J. C. Shields, A young stellar cluster in the nucleus of NGC 4449, Astron. J. 121, 1473, 2001.

Brandt, J. C., S. R. Heap, E. A. Beaver, R. J. Weymann, et al., Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph observations of NGC 4151, Astron. J. 121, 2999, 2001.

Brandt, J. C., S. R. Heap, F. M. Walter, R. J. Weymann, et al., AB Dor in ’94. I. Hubble Space Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph observations of the quiescent chromosphere of an active star, Astron. J. 121, 2173, 2001.

Chapman, S. C., G. F. Lewis, D. Scott, et al., Submillimeter imaging of a protocluster region at z = 3.09, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 548, L17, 2001.

Chapman, S. C., P. J. McCarthy, and S. E. Persson, Radio galaxy-selected clusters at high redshift and associated extremely red object overdensities, Astron. J. 120, 1612, 2000.

Chapman, S. C., S. L. Morris, and G. A. H. Walker, Near-infrared adaptive optics imaging of nuclear spiral structure in Seyfert galaxy NGC 3227, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 319, 666, 2000.

Chapman, S. C., E. A. Richards, G. F. Lewis, G. Wilson, and A. J. Barger, The nature of the bright submillimeter galaxy population: a radio-preselected sample with I > ~25, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 548, L147, 2001.

Chapman, S. C., D. Scott, C. C. Steidel, et al., A search for the submillimetre counterparts to Lyman break galaxies, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 319, 318, 2000.

Chen, H.-W., K. M. Lanzetta, S. Pascarelle, and N. Yahata, Unusual spectral energy of a galaxy previously reported to be at redshift 6.68, Nature 408, 562, 2000.

Chen, H.-W., and J. X. Prochaska, The origin of a chemically enriched Ly-alpha absorption system at z = 0.167, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 543, L9, 2000.

Cheng, E. S., R. J. Hill, J. W. MacKenty, P. McCarthy, et al., Widefield camera 3 for the Hubble Space Telescope, in UV, Optical, and IR Space Telescopes and Instruments, Proc. SPIE Vol. 4013, J. B. Breckinridge and P. Jakobsen, eds., p. 367, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Bellingham, Wash., 2000.

Clocchiatti, A., N. B. Suntzeff, M. M. Phillips, et al., The type IC SN 1990B in NGC 4568, Astrophys. J. 553, 886, 2001.

Coil, A. L., T. Matheson, A. V. Filippenko, M. M. Phillips, et al., Optical spectra of type IA supernovae at z = 0.46 and z = 1.2, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 544, L111, 2000.

Colbert, J. W., J. S. Mulchaey, and A. I. Zabludoff, The optical and near-infrared morphologies of isolated early-type galaxies, Astron. J. 121, 808, 2001.

Dalcanton, J. J., and R. A. Bernstein, A structural and dynamical study of late-type, edge-on galaxies. I. Sample selection and imaging data, Astron. J. 120, 203, 2000.

Falcke, H., N. M. Nagar, A. S. Wilson, L. C. Ho, and J. S. Ulvestad, Radio cores in low-luminosity AGNs: ADAFs or jets? in Black Holes in Binaries and Galactic Nuclei, L. Kaper, E. P. J. van den Heuvel, and P. A. Woudt, eds., p. 218, Springer, Berlin, 2001.

Ferrin, I., D. Rabinowitz, B. Schaefer, A. Oemler, et al., Discovery of the bright trans-Neptunian object 2000 EB₁₇₃, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 548, L243, 2001.

Filho, M. E., P. D. Barthel, and L. C. Ho, The nature of composite LINER/H II galaxies as revealed from high-resolution VLA observations, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 129, 93, 2000.

Freedman, W. L., The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure H₀, in Birth and Evolution of the Universe, K. Sato and M. Kawasaki, eds., p. 189, Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, 2001.

Freedman, W. L., B. F. Madore, B. K. Gibson, L. Ferrarese, D. D. Kelson, et al., Final results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant, Astrophys. J. 553, 47, 2001.

Gebhardt, K., R. Bender, G. Bower, A. Dressler, S. M. Faber, A. V. Filippenko, R. Green, L. C. Ho, et al., A relationship between nuclear black hole mass and velocity dispersion, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 539, L13, 2000.

Gebhardt, K., J. Kormendy, L. C. Ho, R. Bender, G. Bower, A. Dressler, et al., Black hole mass estimates from reverberation mapping and from spatially resolved kinematics, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 543, L5, 2000.

Hall, P. B., M. Sawicki, P. Martini, et al., Galaxies in the fields of z ~ 1.5 radio-loud quasars, Astron. J. 121, 1840, 2001.

Hamann, F. W., T. A. Barlow, F. C. Chaffee, C. B. Foltz, and R. J. Weymann, High-resolution Keck spectra of the associated absorption lines in 3C 191, Astrophys. J. 550, 142, 2001.

Hamuy, M., S. C. Trager, P. A. Pinto, M. M. Phillips, R. A. Schommer, V. Ivanov, and N. Suntzeff, A search for environmental effects on type Ia supernovae, Astron. J. 120, 1479, 2000.

Ho, L. C., et al., Detection of nuclear x-ray sources in nearby galaxies with Chandra, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 549, L51, 2001.

Ho, L. C., G. Rudnick, H.-W. Rix, J. C. Shields, D. H. McIntosh, A. V. Filippenko, W. L. W. Sargent, and M. Eracleous, Double-peaked broad emission lines in NGC 4450 and other LINERs, Astrophys. J. 541, 120, 2000.

Ho, L. C., and J. S. Ulvestad, Radio continuum survey of an optically selected sample of nearby Seyfert galaxies, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 133, 77, 2001.

Ishwara-Chandra, C. H., D. J. Saikia, P. J. McCarthy, and W. J. M. van Breugel, A radio and optical study of Molonglo radio sources, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 323, 460, 2001.

Johnson, J. A., and M. Bolte, Abundances in metal-poor field giants, Nuc. Phys. A 688, 41C, 2001.

Johnson, J. A., and M. Bolte, The ages for metal-poor stars, Astrophys. J. 554, 888, 2001.

Kelson, D. D., G. D. Illingworth, M. Franx, and P. G. van Dokkum, The evolution of Balmer absorption line strengths in E/S0 galaxies from z = 0 to z = 0.83, Astrophys. J. (Lett.) 552, L17, 2001.

Kuchinski, L. E., W. L. Freedman, B. F. Madore, et al., Comparing galaxy morphology at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 131, 441, 2000.

Kuchinski, L. E., B. F. Madore, W. L. Freedman, and M. Trewhella, Quantitative morphology of galaxies observed in the ultraviolet, Astron. J. 121, 729, 2001.

Kulkarni, V. P., J. M. Hill, G. Schneider, R. J. Weymann, et al., A search for the damped Ly-alpha absorber at z = 1.86 toward QSO 1244+3443 with NICMOS, Astrophys. J. 551, 37, 2001.

Leech, K. J., H. J. Volk, I. Heinrichsen, H. Hippelein, L. Metcalfe, D. Pierini, C. C. Popescu, R. J. Tuffs, and C. Xu, C II 158 micron observations of a sample of late-type galaxies from the Virgo cluster, in ISO Beyond the Peaks: The 2 ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, European Space Agency SP 456, A. Salama et al., eds., p. 257, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 2000.

Lentz, E. J., E. Baron, P. Lundquist, M. M. Phillips, et al., Analysis of type IIn SN 1998S: effects of circumstellar interaction on observed spectra, Astrophys. J. 547, 406, 2001.

Lewis, G. F., and S. C. Chapman, SCUBA observations of Hawaii 167, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 318, L31, 2000.

Lubin, L. M., and A. Sandage, The Tolman surface brightness test for the reality of the expansion. II. The effect of the point-spread function and galaxy ellipticity on the derived photometric parameters, Astron. J. 121, 2289, 2001.

Macri, L. M., D. Calzetti, W. L. Freedman, B. K. Gibson, J. A. Graham, J. P. Huchra, S. M. G. Hughes, B. F. Madore, J. R. Mould, S. E. Persson, and P. B. Stetson, NICMOS observations of extragalactic cepheids. I. Photometry database and a test of the standard extinction law, Astrophys. J. 549, 721, 2001.

Majewski, S. R., J. C. Ostheimer, W. E. Kunkel, and R. J. Patterson, Exploring the halo substructure with giant stars. I. Survey description and calibration of the photometric search technique, Astron. J. 120, 2550, 2000.

Maoz, D., A. J. Barth, L. C. Ho, A. Sternberg, and A. V. Filippenko, An ultraviolet through infrared look at star formation and super star clusters in two circumnuclear starburst rings, Astron. J. 121, 3048, 2001.

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